Folia Biologica
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Charles University 

Crossref logo

Fol. Biol. 2002, 48, 167-181

https://doi.org/10.14712/fb2002048050167

Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Renal Cancer

Giancarlo Pizza1, C. De Vinci1, D. Viza2

1Immunotherapy Module, Operative Unit of Urology, Department of Nephrology and Urology, S. Orsola- Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
2Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France

Received July 2002
Accepted July 2002

References

1. Aamdal, S., Bruntsch, U., Kerger, J., Verweij, J., den Bokkel Huinink, W., Wanders, J., Rastogi, R., Franklin, H. R., Kaye, S. B. (1997) Zeniplatin in advanced malignant melanoma and renal cancer: phase I studies with unexpected nephrotoxicity. Cancer Chem. Pharm. 40, 439-43. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s002800050683>
2. Antonia, S. J., Seigne, D. (2000) B7-1 gene-modified autologous tumour-cell vaccines for renal-cell carcinoma. World J. Urol. 18, 157-63. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s003450050190>
3. Belldegrun, A., Tso, C. L., Sakata, T., Duckett, T., Brunda, M. J., Barsky, S. H., Chai, J., Kaboo, R., Lavey, R. S., McBride, W. H. (1993) Human renal carcinoma line transfected with interleukin-2 and/or interferon alpha gene(s): implications for live cancer vaccines. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 207-16. <https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.3.207>
4. Bishop, J. S., Thull, N. M., Matar, M., Quezada, A., Munger, W. E., Batten, T. L., Muller, S., Pericle, F. (2000) Antitumoural effect of a nonviral interleukin-2 gene therapy is enhanced by combination with 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Gene Ther. 7, 1165-71. <https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cgt.7700216>
5. Bordin, V., Giani, L., Meregalli, S., Bukovec, R., Vaghi, M. M., Mandalf, M., Paolorossi, F., Ardizzoia, A., Tancini, G., Barni, S., Frigerio, F., Fumagalli, L., Bordoni, A., Valsuani, G., Di Felice, G., Lissoni, P. (2000) Five-year survival results of subcutaneous low-dose immunotherapy with interleukin-2 alone in metastatic renal cell cancer patients. Urol. Int. 64, 3-8. <https://doi.org/10.1159/000030473>
6. Brouwenstijn, N., Hoogstraten, C., Verdegaal, E. M., Van der Spek, C. W., Deckers, J. G., Mulder, A., Osanto, S., Schrier. P. I. (1998) Definition of unique and shared T-cell defined tumour antigens in human renal cell carcinoma. J. Immunother. 21, 427-34. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00002371-199811000-00004>
7. Bukowski, R. M. (1997) Natural history and therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The role of interleukin-2. Cancer 80, 1198-1220. <https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19971001)80:7<1198::AID-CNCR3>3.0.CO;2-H>
8. Bukowski, R. M. (2000) Cytokine combinations: therapeutic use in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Semin. Oncol. 27, 204-12.
9. Bukowski, R. M. (2001) Cytokine therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Semin. Urol. Oncol. 19, 148-54.
10. Busutti, L., Blotta, A., Mastrorilli, M., Savorani, G., Pizza, G., De Vinci, C. (1987) Transfer factor adjuvant therapy in non small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) after surgery and radiotherapy. J. Exp. Pathol. 3, 565-568.
11. Casali, A., Sega, F. M., Casali, M., Serrone, L., Terzoli, E. (1998) 13 cis retinoic acid and interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 227-9.
12. Chang, A. E., Aruga, A., Cameron, M. J., Sondak, V. K., Normolle, D. P., Fox, B. A., Shu, S. (1997) An adoptive immunotherapy with vaccine-primed lymph node cells secondarily activated with anti-CD3 and interleukin-2. J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 796-807. <https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1997.15.2.796>
13. Chaouche, M., Pasturaud, A. L., Kamioner, D., Grandjean, M., Franiatte, J., Tourani, J. M. (2000) Oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and folinic acid (Folfox) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a pilot study. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 288-289. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00000421-200006000-00016>
14. Corrado, F., De Vinci, C., Corrado, G., Pizza, G. (1991) Direct lymphatic immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. In: Immunotherapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clinical and Experimental Development, eds. Debruyne etal., pp. 105-112, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
15. Creagan, E. T., Veeder, M. H., Suman, V. J., Burch, P. A., Maples, W. J., Schaefer, P. L., Pfeifle, D. M., Dalton, R. J., Hatfield, A. K., Poon, M. A. (1998) A phase I study of high-dose cimetidine and the combination S-fluorouracil, interferon alpha-2A, and leucovorin in advanced renal cell adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 475-8. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00000421-199810000-00011>
16. Daniels, G. A., Galanis, E. (2001) Immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma by intratumoral administration of an IL-2 CDNA/DMRIE/DOPE lipid complex. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 3, 70-76.
17. DeKernion, J. B., Ramming, K. P., Smith, R. B. (1978) The natural history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a computer analysis. J. Urol. 120, 148-152. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)57082-2>
18. Dillman, R. O., Barth, N. M., VanderMolen, L. A., Garfield, D. H., De Leon, C., O'Connor, A. A., Mahdavi, K., Nayak, S. K. (2001) Treatment of kidney cancer with autologous tumour cell vaccines of short-term cell lines derived from renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 16, 47-54.
19. Drake, W. P., Ungano, P. C., Mardiney, M. R. (1972) Preservation of cellular antigenicity of tumour cells by the use of formalin fixation. Cancer Res. 32, 1042-1046.
20. Elson, P. J., Witte, R., Trump, D. (1988) Prognostic factors in patients with recurrent or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 48, 7310-7313.
21. Fenton, R. G., Steis, R. G., Madara, K., Zea, A. H., Ochoa, A. C., Janik, J. E., Smith, J. W., Gause, B. L., Sharfman, W. H., Urba, W. J., Hanna, M. G., DeJager, R. L., Coyne, M. X., Crouch, R. D., Gray, P., Beveridge, J., Creekmore, S. P., Holmlund, J., Curti, B. D., Sznol, M., Longo, D. L. (1996) A phase I randomized study of subcutaneous adjuvant IL2 in combination with an autologous tumour vaccine in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J. Immunother. Emphasis Tumour Immunol. 19, 364-374. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00002371-199609000-00006>
22. Figlin, R., Thompson, J., Bukowski, R. M., Vogelzang, N. J., Novick, A. C., Lange, P., Steinberg, G. D., Belldegrun, A. (1999) Multi-center randomized, phase IlI trial of CD8(+) tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte in combination with recombinant interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 8, 2521-2529. <https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.8.2521>
23. Fujisawa, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Kimura, H. (1983) Transfer factor in restoration of cell mediated immunity in lung cancer patients. Jpn. J. Surg. 13, 304-311. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02469511>
24. Fujisawa, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Kimura, K., Arita, M., Shiba, M., Baba, M. (1984a) Randomized controlled trial of transfer factor immunochemotherapy as an adjunct to surgical treatment for primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Jpn. J. Surg. 14, 452-458. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02469786>
25. Fujisawa, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Kimura, H., Arita, M., Baba, M., Shiba, M. (1984b) Adjuvant immunotherapy of primary resected lung cancer with transfer factor. Cancer 54, 663-669. <https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(1984)54:4<663::AID-CNCR2820540413>3.0.CO;2-2>
26. Fujisawa, T., Yamaguchi, Y. (1996) Postoperative immunostimulation after complete resection improves survival of patients with stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 78, 1892-1898. <https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19961101)78:9<1892::AID-CNCR8>3.0.CO;2-H>
27. Galligioni, E., Quaia, M., Merlo, A., Carbone, A., Spada, A., Favaro, D., Santarosa, M., Sacco, C., Talamini, R. (1996) Adjuvant immunotherapy treatment of renal carcinoma patients with autologous tumor cells and bacillus Calmette-Guerin: five-year results of a prospective randomized study. Cancer 77, 2560-2566. <https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960615)77:12<2560::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-P>
28. Gebrosky, N. P., Koukol, S., Nseyo, U. O., Carpenter, C., Lamm, D. L. (1997) Treatment of renal cell carcinoma with S-fluorouracil and alfa-interferon. Urology 50, 863-867. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00542-6>
29. Hao, D., Huan, S. D., Stewart. D. J., Segal, R. J., Yau, J. C. (2000) A pilot study of low dose hydroxyurea as a novel resistance modulator in metastatic renal cell cancer. J. Chem. 12, 360-366.
30. Heinzer, H., Mir, T., Huland, E., Huland, H. (1999) Subjective and objective prospective, long-term analysis of quality of life during inhaled interleukin-2 immunotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 3612-3620. <https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.11.3612>
31. Henriksson, R., Nilsson, S., Colleen, S., Wersall, M., Helsing, M., Zimmerman, R., Engman, K. (1998) Survival in renal cell carcinoma - a randomized evaluation of tamoxifen vs interleukin 2, alfa-interferon (leucocyte) and tamoxifen. Br. J. Cancer 77, 1311-1317. <https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1998.218>
32. Huland, E., Heinzer, H., Mir, T. S., Huland, H. (1997) Inhaled interleukin-2 therapy in pulmonary metastatic renal cell carcinoma: six years of experience. Cancer J. Sci. Am. 3, S98-S105.
33. Jeon, S. H., Chang, S. G., Kim, J. I. (1999) The role of adjuvant immunotherapy after radical nephrectomy and prognostic factors in pT3NOMO renal cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 19, 5593-5597.
34. Kirchner, H. H., Anton, P., Atzpodien, J. (1995) Adjuvant treatment of locally advanced renal cancer with autologous virus-modified tumour vaccines. World J. Urol. 13, 171-173. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184874>
35. Kirkpatrick, C. H. (2000) Transfer factors: identification of conserved sequences in transfer factor molecules. Mol. Med. 6, 332-341. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401941>
36. Kirsh, M. M., Orringer, M. B., McAuliffe, S., Schork, M. A., Katz. B., Silva, J. (1984) Transfer factor in the treatment of carcinoma of the lung. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 38, 140-145. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(10)62222-9>
37. Kugler, A., Seseke, F., Thelen, P., Kallerhoff, M., Muller, G. A., Stuhler, G., Muller, C., Ringert, R. H. (1998) Autologous and allogenic hybrid cell vaccine in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Urol. 82, 487-493. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1998.00794.x>
38. Lasset, C., Merrouche, Y., Negrier, S., Rebattu, P., Berille, J., Bizzari, J. P., Chauvin, F., Philip, T. (1993) Phase II study of fotemustine as second-line treatment after failure of immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Chem. Pharm. 32, 329-31. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00686182>
39. Lefesvre, A., Viza, D., Patrasco, M., Phillips, J., De Vinci, C., Pizza, G. (1987) Interleukin-2 treatment of lung metastases of a mammary adenocarcinoma. J. Exp. Pathol. 3, 533-537.
40. Lissoni, P., Rovelli, F., Baiocco, N., Tangini, G., Fumagalli, L. (2001) A phase Il study of subcutaneous low-dose interleukin-2 plus erythropoietin in metastatic renal cell carcinoma progressing on interleukin-2 alone. Anticancer Res. 21, 777-779.
41. Liu, J. H., Yang, M. H., Fan, F. S., Yen, C. C., Wang, W. S., Chang, Y. H., Chen, K. K., Chen, P. M. (2001) Tamoxifen and colchicine-modulated vinblastine followed by 5-fluorouracil in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a phase II study. Urology 57, 650-654. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(00)01096-7>
42. Lopez-Hanninen, E., Poliwoda, H., Atzpodien, J. (1995) Interferon alpha/5 fluorouracil: a novel outpatient chemo/immunotherapy for progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biother. 10, 21-24. <https://doi.org/10.1089/cbr.1995.10.21>
43. Lopez-Hanninen, E. L.., Kirkner, H., Atzpodien, J. (1996) Interleukin-2 based home therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: risks and benefits in 215 consecutive single institution patients. J. Urol. 155, 19-25. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66527-3>
44. Lummen, G., Sperling, H., Luboldt, H., Otto, T., Rubben, H. (1998) Phase II trial of titanocene dichloride in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. Cancer Chem. Pharm. 42, 415-417.
45. McCune, C. S., O'Donnell, R. W., Marquis, D. M., Sahasrabudhe, D. M. (1990) Renal cell carcinoma treated by vaccines for active specific immunotherapy: correlation of survival with skin testing by autologous tumour cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 32, 62-66. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01741726>
46. Mertens, W. C., Eisenhauer, E. A., Jolivet, J., Ernst, S., Moore, M., Muldal, A. (1994) Docetaxel in advanced renal carcinoma. A phase II trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Ann. Oncol. 5, 185-187. <https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058776>
47. Migliari, R., Muscas, G., Solinas, A., Melis, M., Ionta, M. T., Massidda, B., Usai, E. (1995) Is there a role for adjuvant immunochemotherapy after radical nephrectomy in pT2-3NOMO renal cell carcinoma? J. Chemother. 7, 240-245. <https://doi.org/10.1179/joc.1995.7.3.240>
48. Miller, A. B., Hoogstraten, B., Staquet, M., Winkler, A. (1981) Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer 47, 204-214.
49. Miller, W. H., Reyno, L. M., Loewen, G. R., Huan, S., Winquist, E., Moore, M., Cato, A., Jaunakais, D., Truglia, J. A., Matthews, S., Dancey, J., Eisenhauer, E. A. (2000) A phase I-II study of 9-cis retinoic acid and interferon-alpha2b in patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma: an NCIC Clinical Trials Group study. Ann. Oncol. 11, 1387-1389. <https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026579400806>
50. Montie, J. E., Bukowski, R. M., Deodhar, S. H., Hewlett, J. S., Stewart, B. H., Straffon, R. A. (1977) Immunotherapy of disseminated renal cell carcinoma with transfer factor. J. Urol. 117, 553-556. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58533-X>
51. Montie, J. E., Bukowski, R. M., James, R. E., Straffon, J. A., Stewart, B. H. (1982) A critical review of immunotherapy of disseminated renal adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 21, 5-8. <https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.2930210103>
52. Motzer, R. J., Murphy, B. A., Bacik, J., Schwartz, L. H., Nanus, D. M., Mariani, T., Loehrer, P., Wilding, G., Fairclough, D. L., Cella, D., Mazumdar, M. (2000) Phase III trial of interferon alfa-2a with or without 13-cis-retinoic acid for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 2972-2980. <https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.16.2972>
53. Naglieri, E., Gebbia, V., Durini, E., Lelli, G., Abbate, I., Selvaggi, F. P., Di Tonno, P., Colucci, G. (1998) Standard interleukin-2 (IL2) and interferon-alpha immunotherapy versus an IL2 and 4-epirubicin immuno-chemotherapeutic association in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 18, 2021-2026.
54. Negrier, S., Philip, T., Stoter, G., Fossa, S. D., Janssen, S., Iacone, A., Cleton, F. S., Eremin, O., Israel, L., Jasmin, C., Rugarli, C., Masse, H. V. D., Thatcher, N., Symann, M., Bartsch, H. H., Bergmann, L., Bijman, J. T., Palmer, P. A., Franks, C. R. (1989) Interleukin-2 with or without LAK cells in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a report of a European multicentre study. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 25, S21-S28.
55. Negrier, S., Escudier, B., Lasset, C., Douillard, J. Y., Savary, J., Chevreau, C., Ravaud, A., Mercatello, A., Peny, J., Mousseau, M., Philip, T., Tursz, T. (1998) Recombinant human interleukin-2, recombinant human interferon alfa-2a, or both in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 1272-1278. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199804303381805>
56. Negrier, S., Maral, J., Drevon, M., Vinke, J., Escudier, B., Philip, T. (2000) Long-term follow-up of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with intravenous recombinant interleukin-2 in Europe. Cancer J. Sci. Am. 6, S93-S98.
57. Neequaye, J., Viza, D., Pizza, G., Nkrumah, F. K., De Vinci, C., Levine, P. H. (1990) Transfer factor with activity against Epstein-Barr virus reduces late relapse in endemic Burkitt's lymphoma. Anticancer Res. 10, 1183-1187.
58. Nkrumah, F. K., Pizza, G., Neequaye, J., Viza, D., De Vinci, C., Levine, P. H. (1987) Transfer factor in prevention of Burkitt's lymphoma relapses. J. Exp. Pathol. 3, 463-469.
59. Olencki, T., Peereboom, D., Wood, L., Budd, G. T., Novick, A., Finke, J., McLain, D., Elson, P., Bukowski, R. M. (2001) Phase I and II trials of subcutaneously administered rIL2, interferon alfa-2a, and fluorouracil in patients with metastatic renal carcinoma. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 127, 319-324. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s004320000211>
60. Oosterwijk, E., Ruiter, D. J., Hoedemaeker, P. J., Pauwels, E. K., Jonas, U., Zwartendijk, J., Warnaar, S. O. (1986) Monoclonal antibody G 250 recognizes a determinant present in renal-cell carcinoma and absent from normal kidney. Int. J. Cancer 38, 489-494. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910380406>
61. Paolorossi, F., Villa, S., Barni, S., Tancini, G., Andres, M., Lissoni, P. (1995) Second line therapy with interferon-alpha plus vinblastine in metastatic renal cell cancer patients progressed under interleukin-2 subcutaneous immunotherapy. Tumori 81, 45-47. <https://doi.org/10.1177/030089169508100111>
62. Pilotti, V., Mastrorilli, M., Pizza, G., De Vinci, C., Busutti, L., Palareti, A. P., Gozzetti, G., Cavallari, A. (1996) Transfer factor as an adjuvant to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy. Biotherapy 9, 117-121. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02628668>
63. Pizza, G., Viza, D., Fini, M., Cuzzocrea, D. E., Menniti, D., Corrado, F. (1980) Transitional cell carcinoma of the blader. Differences between primary tumour and following relapses. Eur. Urol. 6, 45-47. <https://doi.org/10.1159/000473286>
64. Pizza, G., Severini, G., Menniti, D., De Vinci, C., Corrado, F. (1984) Tumour regression after intralesional injection of interleukin-2 (IL2) in bladder cancer: preliminary report. Int. J. Cancer 34, 359-367. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910340312>
65. Pizza, G., Severini, G., Menniti, D., De Vinci, C., Corrado, F. (1987) Interleukin 2 in the treatment of infiltrating bladder cancer. J. Exp. Pathol. 3, 525-531.
66. Pizza, G., Viza, D., De Vinci, C., Vich, I. Pascuchi, J. M., Busutti, L., Bergami, T. (1988) Intra-lymphatic administration of interleukin-2 (IL2) in cancer patients: a pilot study. Lymphokine Res. 7, 45-48.
67. Pizza, G., De Vinci, C., Cuzzocrea, D. E., Menniti, D., Aiello, E., Maver, P., Corrado, G., Romagnoli, P., Dragoni, E., Lo Conte, G., Riolo, U., Palareti, A. P., Zucchelli, P., Fornarola, V., Viza, D. (1996) A preliminary report on the use of transfer factor for treating stage D3 hormone-unresponsive metastatic prostate cancer. Biotherapy 9, 133-138.
68. Pizza, G., De Vinci, C., Aiello, A., Corrado, G., Lo Conte, G., Mazzuca, A., Baricordi, O. R., Vacca, A., Gulino, A., Fornarola, V., Capanna, R., Busutti, L. (1999) Gene-immunotherapy in metastatic renal-cancer (MRCC) using an allogeneic renal cancer cell-line engineered to produce interleukin-2 (IL2) and admixed with formalin-fixed autologous tumour cells: preliminary results in one patient. Urologia 66, S18-S21.
69. Pizza, G., De Vinci, C., Lo Conte, G., Paver, P., Dragoni, E., Aiello, E., Fornarola, V., Bergami, T., Busutti, L., Boriani, S., Palareti, A. P., Capanna, R. (2001) Immunotherapy of metastatic kidney cancer. Int. J. Cancer 94, 109-120. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.1426>
70. Prasad, U., Jalaludin, M. A., Rajadurai, P., Pizza, G., De Vinci, C., Viza, D., Levine, P. H. (1997) Transfer factor with anti-EBV activity as an adjuvant therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pilot study. Virus Res. 47, 134-135.
71. Pyrhonen, S., Salminen, E., Ruutu, M., Lehtonen, T., Nurmi, M., Tammela, T., Juusela, H., Rintala, E., Hietanen, P., Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, P. L. (1999) Prospective randomized trial of interferon alfa-2a plus vinblastine versus vinblastine alone in patients with advanced renal cell cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 2859-2867. <https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.9.2859>
72. Reese, D. M., Corry, M., Small, E. J. (2000) Infusional floxuridine-based therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 88, 1310-1316. <https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000315)88:6<1310::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-6>
73. Repmann, R., Wagner, S., Richter, A. (1997) Adjuvant therapy of renal cell carcinoma with active-specific-immunotherapy (ASI) using autologous tumour vaccine. Anticancer Res. 17, 2879-2882.
74. Rini, B. I., Vogelzang, N. J., Dumas, M. C., Wade, J. L., Taber, D. A., Stadler, W. M. (2000) Phase II trial of weekly intravenous gemcitabine with continuous infusion fluorouracil in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 2419-2426. <https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.12.2419>
75. Ritchie, A. W. S., Griffiths, G., Parmar, M., Fossa, S. D., Selby, P. J., Cornbleet, M. A., Sibley, G., Mead, G. M., Kaye, S., Owen, J. R., Cook, P., Smith, P. H., Whelan, P., Fayers, P. M., Oliver, R. T. D., Whitehead, J. (1999) Interferon-α and survival in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: early results of a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 353, 14-17.
76. Schendel, D. J., Frankenberger, B., Jantzer, P., Cayeux, S., Nobetaner, E., Willimsky, G., Maget, B., Pohla, H., Blankenstein, T. (2000) Expression of B7.1 (CD80) in a renal cell carcinoma line allows expansion of tumour-associated cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the presence of an alloresponse. Gene Therapy 7, 2007-2014. <https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3301349>
77. Schmidinger, M., Steger, G. G., Budinsky, A. C., Wenzel, C., Brodowicz, T., Locker, G. J., Kramer, G., Marberger, M., Zielinski, C. C. (2000a) Vinorelbine and interferon-alpha2c as second-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs 11, 175-179. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00001813-200003000-00005>
78. Schmidinger, M., Steger, G. G., Wenzel, C., Locker, G. J., Brodowicz, T., Budinsky, A. C., Wiltschke, C., Kramer, G., Marberger, M., Zielinski, C. C. (2000b) Sequential administration of interferon gamma and interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a phase II trial. Austrian Renal Cell Carcinoma Study Group. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 49, 395-400. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s002620000128>
79. Schwaab, T., Heaney, J. A., Schned, A. R., Harris, R. D., Cole, B. F., Noelle, R. J., Phillips, D. M., Stempkowski, L., Ernstoff, M. S. (2000) A randomized phase II trial comparing two different sequence combinations of autologous vaccine and human recombinant interferon gamma and human recombinant interferon alpha2B therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: clinical outcome and analysis of immunological parameters. J. Urol. 163, 1322-1327. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67771-3>
80. Simons, J. W., Jaffee, E. M., Weber, C. E., Levitsky, H. I., Nelson, W. G., Carducci, M. A., Lazenby, A. J., Cohen, L. H., Finn, C. C., Clift, S. M., Beck, L. A., Leiferman, K. M., Owens, A. H. Jr., Piantadosi, S., Dranoff, G., Mulligan, R. C., Pardoll, D. M., Marshall, F. F. (1997) Bioactivity of autologous irradiated renal cell carcinoma vaccines generated by ex vivo granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer. Cancer Res. 57, 1537-1546.
81. Steele, R. W., Myers, M. G., Vincent, M. M. (1980) Transfer factor for the prevention of varicella-zoster infection in childhood leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 303, 355-359. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198008143030702>
82. Tsavaris, N., Baxevanis, C., Kosmidis, P., Papamichael, M. (1996) The prognostic significance of immune changes in patients with renal cancer, melanoma and colorectal cancer, treated with interferon alpha 2b. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 43, 94-102. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s002620050308>
83. Ueda, R., Ogata, S., Morrissey, D. M., Finstad, C. L., Szkudlarek, J., Whitmore, W. F., Oettgen, H. F., Lloyd, K. O., Old, L. J. (1981) Cell surface antigens: serological analysis of human renal cancer defined by mouse monoclonal antibodies: identification of tissue specific glycoproteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 5122-5126. <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.8.5122>
84. Vaishampayan, U., Flaherty, L., Du, W., Hussain, M. (2001) Phase II evaluation of paclitaxel, alpha-interferon, and cis-retinoic acid in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 92, 519-523. <https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20010801)92:3<519::AID-CNCR1350>3.0.CO;2-#>
85. van Herpen, C. M., Jansen, R. L., Kruit, W. H., Hoekman, K., Groenewegen, G., Osanto, S., De Mulder, P. (2000) Immunochemotherapy with interleukin-2, interferon-alpha and 5-fluorouracil for progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter phase II study. Dutch Immunotherapy Working Party. Br. J. Cancer 82, 772-776. <https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.1999.0997>
86. van Lommel, P., van Wees, R., Meyers, V., Elfferich, I. (2001) Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: a prospective study in the Netherlands. Lancet 358, 2039-2045. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07100-8>
87. Viza, D., Vich, J. M., Phillips, J., Rosenfeld, F., Davies, D. A. L. (1986) Specific transfer factor protects mice against lethal challenge with herpes simplex virus. Cell Immunol. 100, 555-562. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(86)90053-5>
88. Wagner, G., Knapp, W., Gitsch, E., Selander, S. (1987) Transfer factor for adjuvant immunotherapy in cervical cancer. Cancer Detect. Prev. (Suppl) 1, 373-376.
89. Westermann, J., Reich, G., Kopp, J., Haus, U., Dorken, B., Pezzutto, A. (2001) Granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor plus interleukin-2 plus interferon alpha in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 49, 613-620. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s002620000159>
90. Whyte, R. I., Schork, M. A., Sloan, H., Orringer, M. B., Kirsh, M. M. (1992) Adjuvant treatment using transfer factor for bronchogenic carcinoma: long-term follow-up. Ann. Thorac. 53, 391-396. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(92)90256-4>
91. Yagoda, A., Abi-Rachmed, B., Petrylak, D. (1995) Chemotherapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma: 1983-1993. Semin. Oncol. 22, 42-60.
front cover

ISSN 0015-5500 (Print) ISSN 2533-7602 (Online)

Open access journal

Submissions

Archive