Fol. Biol. 2004, 50, 93-99
https://doi.org/10.14712/fb2004050030093
Cell Defence against Viral/Bacterial Infections: Closer Mechanism than Anticipated?
References
1. , S., Hemmi, H. (2003) Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by TLR family. Immunol. Lett. 85, 85-95.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2478(02)00228-6>
2. , S., Takeda, K., Kaisho, T. (2001) Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat. Immunol. 2, 675-680.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/90609>
3. , L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., Flavell, R. A. (2001) Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 413, 732-738.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/35099560>
4. , A., Miller, J. J. 3rd (1984) Acid labile alpha-interferon in sera and cynovial fluids from patients with juvenile arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 17, 582-585.
<https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780270517>
5. , W. C., Pitha, P. M. (2001) Recruitment of multiple interferon regulatory factors and histone acetyltransferase to the transcriptionally active interferon a promoters. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 41629-41637.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M105121200>
6. , W.-C., Moore, P. A., Lowther, W., Juang, Y.-T., Pitha, P. M. (1995) Identification of a member of the interferon regulatory factor family that binds to the interferon-stimulated response element and activates expression of interferon-induced genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11657-11661.
<https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.25.11657>
7. , W. C., Moore, P. A., LaFleur, D. W., Tombal, B., Pitha, P. M. (1998) Characterization of the interferon regulatory factor-7 and its potential role in the transcription activation of interferon A genes. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 29210-29217.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.44.29210>
8. , B. J., Moore, P. A., Pitha, P. M. (2001) Virus-specific activation of a novel interferon regulatory factor, IRF-5, results in the induction of distinct interferon alpha genes. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 23382-23390.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M101216200>
9. , B., Lubyova, B., Pitha, P. M. (2002) On the role of IRF in host defense. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 22, 59-71.
<https://doi.org/10.1089/107999002753452665>
10. , B. J., Kellum, M. J., Pinder, K. E., Frisancho, J. A., Pitha, P. M. (2003) Interferon regulatory factor 5, a novel mediator of cell cycle arrest and cell death. Cancer Res. 63, 6424-6431.
11. , J., Fidler, C., Lewis, S., MacCarthy, A., Sheridan, H., Kelly, S., Oscier, D., Buckler, V. J., Wainscoat, J. S. (1993) Allelic loss of IRF1 in myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia: retention of IRF1 on the 5q-chromosome in some patients with the 5q-syndrome. Blood 82, 2611-2616.
<https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V82.9.2611.2611>
12. , K., Clatworthy, J., Martin, L., Martinon, F., Plumpton, C., Maschera, B., Lewis, A., Ray, K., Tschopp, J., Volpe, F. (2000) Tollip, a new component of the IL-1RI pathway, links IRAK to the IL-1 receptor. Nat. Cell Biol. 2, 346-351.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/35014038>
13. , L., Pitha, P. M. (2001) Latently expressed human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor 2 inhibits double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. J. Virol. 75, 2345-2352.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.5.2345-2352.2001>
14. , L., Yeow, W. S., Lubyova, B., Kellum, M., Schafer, S. L., Huang, Y. Q., Pitha, P. M. (1999a) Functional analysis of human herpesvirus 8-encoded viral interferon regulatory factor 1 and its association with cellular interferon regulatory factors and p300. J. Virol. 73, 7334-7342.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.73.9.7334-7342.1999>
15. , L., Yeow, W. S., Pitha, P. M. (1999b) Unique properties of a second human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor (vIRF-2). J. Hum. Virol. 2, 19-32.
16. DeMaeyer, E., DeMaeyer-Guignard, J. (1988) The genetics of interferon production and action. In: Interferons and Other Regulatory Cytokines, pp. 364-375, Wiley Interscience, New York.
17. , C. R., Yie, J., Thanos, D., Aggarwal, A. K. (1998) Structure of IRF-1 with bound DNA reveals determinants of interferon regulation. Nature 391, 103-106.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/34224>
18. , B., Fizzotti, M., Pucciarini, A., Bigerna, B., Marafioti, T., Gambacorta, M., Pacini, R., Alunni, C., Natali-Tanci, L., Ugolini, B., Sebastiani, C., Cattoretti, G., Pileri, S., Dalla-Favera, R., Stein, H. (2000) A monoclonal antibody (MUM1p) detects expression of the MUM1/IRF4 protein in a subset of germinal center B cells, plasma cells, and activated T cells. Blood 95, 2084-2092.
<https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V95.6.2084>
19. , K. A., Palsson-McDermott, E. M., Bowie, A. G., Jefferies, C. A., Mansell, A. S., Brady, G., Brint, E., Dunne, A., Gray, P., Harte, M. T., McMurray, D., Smith, D. E., Sims, J. E., Bird, T. A., O'Neill, L. A. (2001) Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for Toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction. Nature 413, 78-83.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/35092578>
20. , K. A., McWhirter, S. M., Faia, K. L., Rowe, D. C., Latz, E., Golenbock, D. T., Coyle, A. J., Liao, S. M., Maniatis, T. (2003a) IKKepsilon and TBK1 are essential components of the IRF3 signaling pathway. Nat. Immunol. 4, 491-496.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/ni921>
21. , K. A., Rowe, D. C., Barnes, B. J., Caffrey, D. R., Visintin, A., Latz, E., Monks, B., Pitha, P. M., Golenbock, D. T. (2003b) LPS-TLR4 signaling to IRF-3/7 and NFkappaB involves the toll adapters TRAM and TRIF. J. Exp. Med. 198, 1043-1055.
<https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20031023>
22. , P., Howell, D. M., Pettera, L., Tehrani, S., Lopez, C. (1991) Immediate-early gene expression is sufficient for induction of natural killer cell-mediated lysis of herpes simplex virus type-1-infected fibroblasts. J. Virol. 65, 3151-3160.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.65.6.3151-3160.1991>
23. , C. C., Flowers, S. P., Nabel, G. J. (1998) Kaposiís sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor confers resistance to the antiproliferative effect of interferon-alpha. Mol. Med. 4, 402-412.
<https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401747>
24. , S. J., Boshoff, C., Jayachandra, S., Weiss, R. A., Chang, Y., Moore, P. S. (1997) KSHV ORF K9 (vIRF) is an oncogene which inhibits the interferon signaling pathway. Oncogene 15, 1979-1985.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1201571>
25. , F., Smith, K. D., Ozinsky, A., Hawn, T. R., Yi, E. C., Goodlett, D. R., Eng, J. K., Akira, S., Underhill, D. M., Aderem, A. (2001) The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5. Nature 410, 1099-1103.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/35074106>
26. , H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., Akira, S. (2000) A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408, 740-745.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/35047123>
27. , K., Du, X., Georgel, P., Janssen, E., Tabeta, K., Kim, S. O., Goode, J., Lin, P., Mann, N., Mudd, S., Crozat, K., Sovath, S., Han, J., Beutler, B. (2003a) Identification of Lps2 as a key transducer of MyD88-independent TIR signalling. Nature 424, 743-748.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01889>
28. , K., Janssen, E. M., Kim, S. O., Alexopoulou, L., Flavell, R. A., Han, J., Beutler, B. (2003b) Upregulation of costimulatory molecules induced by lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA occurs by Trif-dependent and Trif-independent pathways. Nat. Immunol. 4, 1223-1229.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1010>
29. , S., Rao, P. H., Butler, M., Corradini, P., Boccadoro, M., Klein, B., et al. (1997) Deregulation of MUM1/IRF4 by chromosomal translocation in multiple myeloma. Nat. Genet. 17, 226-230.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1097-226>
30. , A., Barnes, B. J., Amrute, S., Yeow, W. S., Megjugorac, N., Dai, J., Feng, D., Chung, E., Pitha, P. M., Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P. (2003) Comparative analysis of IRF and IFN-alpha expression in human plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 1125-1138.
<https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0603255>
31. , R. G., Alba, M. M., Boshoff, C., Kellam, P. (2001) Kaposiís sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent and lytic gene expression as revealed by DNA arrays. J. Virol. 75, 891-902.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.2.891-902.2001>
32. , Y. T., Au, W. C., Lowther, W., Hiscott, J., Pitha, P. M. (1999) Lipopolysaccharide inhibits virus-mediated induction of interferon genes by disruption of nuclear transport of interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 18060-18066.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.25.18060>
33. , T., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Hoshino, K., Akira, S. (2001) Endotoxin-induced maturation of MyD88-deficient dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 166, 5688-5694.
<https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5688>
34. , W. J., Lukacs, N. W., McRae, B. L., Strieter, R. M., Kunkel, S. L., Miller, S. D. (1995) An important role for the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in the pathogenesis of the T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 155, 5003-5010.
<https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.10.5003>
35. , M. G., He, Y., Gale, M., Jr. (2002) Viruses and interferon: a fight for supremacy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 675-687.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/nri888>
36. , E. B., Medzhitov, R. (1999) The Toll-receptor family and control of innate immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11, 13-18.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(99)80003-X>
37. , M. S., Farzadegan, H., Margolick, J. B., Vlahov, D., Pitha, P. M. (1995) Identification of human immunodeficiency virus primary isolates resistant to interferon-alpha and correlation of prevalence to disease progression. J. Infect. Dis. 171, 822-828.
<https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/171.4.822>
38. , E. A., Popova, L., Kwinn, L., Haynes, L. M., Jones, L. P., Tripp, R. A., Walsh, E. E., Freeman, M. W., Golenbock, D. T., Anderson, L. J., Finberg, R. W. (2000) Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat. Immunol. 1, 398-401.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/80833>
39. , M. J., Baltimore, D. (1989) NF-kappa B: a pleiotropic mediator of inducible and tissue-specific gene control [Review]. Cell 58, 227-229.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90833-7>
40. , M., Damania, B., Alvarez, X., Ogryzko, V., Ozato, K., Jung, J. U. (2000) Inhibition of p300 histone acetyltransferase by viral interferon regulatory factor. Mol. Cell Biol. 20, 8254-8263.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.20.21.8254-8263.2000>
41. , M., Lee, H., Guo, J., Neipel, F., Fleckenstein, B., Ozato, K., Jung, J. U. (1998) Kaposiís sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor. J. Virol. 72, 5433-5440.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.72.7.5433-5440.1998>
42. , R., Heylbroeck, C., Pitha, P. M., Hiscott, J. (1998) Virusdependent phosphorylation of the IRF-3 transcription factor regulates nuclear translocation, transactivation potential, and proteasome-mediated degradation. Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 2986-2996.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.18.5.2986>
43. , R., Heylbroeck, C., Genin, P., Pitha, P. M., Hiscott, J. (1999) Essential role of interferon regulatory factor 3 in direct activation of RANTES chemokine transcription. Mol. Cell Biol. 19, 959-966.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.19.2.959>
44. , W. J., Moore, P. A., Carter, K. C., Pitha, P. M. (1999) Cloning and functional analysis of the human IRF-3 promoter. DNA Cell Biol. 18, 685-692.
<https://doi.org/10.1089/104454999314962>
45. , R., Au, W. C., Yeow, W. S., Hageman, N., Pitha, P. M. (2000) Regulation of the promoter activity of interferon regulatory factor-7 gene. Activation by interferon and silencing by hypermethylation. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 31805-31812.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M005288200>
46. , R., Pitha, P. M. (2001) Monocyte differentiation to macrophage requires interferon regulatory factor 7. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 45491-45496.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C100421200>
47. , R., Moore, P. A., Pitha, P. M. (2002) Stimulation of IRF-7 gene expression by tumor necrosis factor alpha: requirement for NFkappa B transcription factor and gene accessibility. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 16592-16598.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111440200>
48. , B., Pitha, P. M. (2000) Characterization of a novel human herpesvirus 8-encoded protein, vIRF-3, that shows homology to viral and cellular interferon regulatory factors. J. Virol. 74, 8194-8201.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.17.8194-8201.2000>
49. , B., Kellum, M. J., Frisancho, A. J., Pitha, P. M. (2004) Kaposiís sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded vIRF-3 stimulates the transcriptional activity of cellular IRF-3 and IRF-7. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 7643-7654.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M309485200>
50. , I., Durbin, J. E., Levy, D. E. (1998) Differential viral induction of distinct interferon-alpha genes by positive feedback through interferon regulatory factor-7. EMBO J. 17, 6660-6669.
<https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.22.6660>
51. , S. M., Fitzgerald, K. A., Rosains, J., Rowe, D. C., Golenbock, D. T., Maniatis, T. (2004) IFN-regulatory factor 3-dependent gene expression is defective in Tbk1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 233-238.
<https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2237236100>
52. , T., Hayashida, K., El-Gabalawy, H. S., Suson, S., Shi, K., Girschick, H. J., Yavuz, S., Lipsky, P. E. (2000) Stromal cell-derived factor-1-CXC chemokine receptor 4 interactions play a central role in CD4+ T cell accumulation in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. J. Immunol. 165, 6590-6598.
<https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6590>
53. , P. A., Miller, A., Bloom, B. (1981) Interferon responses of leukocytes in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 31, 561-566.
<https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.31.5.561>
54. , H., Mustafa, A., Hiscott, J., Lin, R. (1995) Transcription factor IRF-2 exerts its oncogenic phenotype through the DNA binding/transcription repression domain. Oncogene 11, 537-544.
55. , H., Hiscott, J., Pitha, P. M. (1997) The growing family of interferon regulatory factors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 8, 293-312.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6101(97)00019-1>
56. , H., Matsumoto, M., Funami, K., Akazawa, T., Seya, T. (2003) TICAM-1, an adaptor molecule that participates in Toll-like receptor 3-mediated interferon-beta induction. Nat. Immunol. 4, 161-167.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/ni886>
57. , R. T., Liao, S. M., Maniatis, T. (2000) IKKepsilon is part of a novel PMA-inducible IkappaB kinase complex. Mol. Cell 5, 513-522.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80445-1>
58. , K. L., Smith, H. L., Stark, G. R., Sen, G. C. (2002) IRF-3-dependent, NFkappa Band JNK-independent activation of the 561 and IFN-beta genes in response to double-stranded RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 6322-6327.
<https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092133199>
59. , A., He, X., Smirnova, I., Liu, M. Y., Huffel, C. V., Du, X., Birdwell, D., Alejos, E., Silva, M., Galanos, C., Freudenberg, M., Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P., Layton, B., Beutler, B. (1998) Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282, 2085-2088.
<https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5396.2085>
60. , J. L., Baltimore, D. (1999) NF-kappaB activation by a signaling complex containing TRAF2, TANK and TBK1, a novel IKK-related kinase. EMBO J. 18, 6694-6704.
<https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/18.23.6694>
61. , O. T., Blach, R. J., Friedman, R. M., Klippel, J. H., Vilcek, J. (1982) Systemic lupus erythematosus: presence in human serum of unusual acid labile leukocyte interferon. Science 216, 429-431.
<https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6176024>
62. , A., Canivet, M., Campsaur, H., Gluckman, E., Mazeron, M., Peries, J. (1983) Circulating interferon in cytomegalovirus infected bone-marrow-transplant recipients and in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus disease. J. Interferon Res. 3, 45-52.
<https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.1983.3.45>
63. , C., Thlick, A. E., Parravicini, C., Moore, P. S., Chang, Y. (2001) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J. Virol. 75, 429-438.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.1.429-438.2001>
64. , M., Suemori, H., Hata, N., Asagiri, M., Ogasawara, K., Nakao, K., Nakaya, T., Katsuki, M., Noguchi, S., Tanaka, N., Taniguchi, T. (2000) Distinct and essential roles of transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 in response to viruses for IFN-alpha/beta gene induction. Immunity 13, 539-548.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00053-4>
65. , R., Dziarski, R., Wesche, H., Rothe, M., Kirschning, C. J. (1999) Peptidoglycanand lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 17406-17409.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.25.17406>
66. , S., tenOever, B. R., Grandvaux, N., Zhou, G. P., Lin, R., Hiscott, J. (2003) Triggering the interferon antiviral response through an IKK-related pathway. Science 300, 1148-1151.
<https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1081315>
67. , J., Horvath, C. M., Polley, R., Basler, C. F., Muster, T., Palese, P., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2000) Activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 is inhibited by the influenza A virus NS1 protein. J. Virol. 74, 7989-7996.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.17.7989-7996.2000>
68. , T., Ogasawara, K., Takaoka, A., Tanaka, N. (2001) IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19, 623-655.
<https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.623>
69. , H., Tamura, T., Ozato, K. (2003) Cutting edge: IFN consensus sequence binding protein/IFN regulatory factor 8 drives the development of type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170, 1131-1135.
<https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1131>
70. , D. M., Ozinsky, A. (2002) Toll-like receptors: key mediators of microbe detection. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14, 103-110.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(01)00304-1>
71. , M. G., Lin, C. H., Parekh, B. S., Ronco, L. V., Howley, P. M., Maniatis, T. (1998) Virus infection induces the assembly of coordinately activated transcription factors on the IFN-beta enhancer in vivo. Mol. Cell 1, 507-518.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80051-9>
72. , B. K., Kumar, K. P., Reich, N. C. (1998) Interferon regulatory factor 3 and CREB-binding protein/p300 are subunits of double-stranded RNA-activated transcription factor DRAF1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 1359-1368.
<https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.18.3.1359>
73. , M., Sato, S., Mori, K., Hoshino, K., Takeuchi, O., Takeda, K., Akira, S. (2002) Cutting edge: a novel Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter that preferentially activates the IFN-beta promoter in the Toll-like receptor signaling. J. Immunol. 169, 6668-6672.
<https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6668>
74. , M., Sato, S., Hemmi, H., Hoshino, K., Kaisho, T., Sanjo, H., Takeuchi, O., Sugiyama, M., Okabe, M., Takeda, K., Akira, S. (2003) Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science 301, 640-643.
<https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1087262>
75. , W. S., Au, W. C., Juang, Y. T., Fields, C. D., Dent, C. L., Gewert, D. R., Pitha, P. M. (2000) Reconstitution of virus-mediated expression of interferon alpha genes in human fibroblast cells by ectopic interferon regulatory factor-7. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6313-6320.
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.9.6313>
76. , M., Suhara, W., Fukuhara, Y., Fukuda, M., Nishida, E., Fujita, T. (1998) Direct triggering of the type I interferon system by virus infection: activation of a transcription factor complex containing IRF-3 and CBP/p300. EMBO J. 17, 1087-1095.
<https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.4.1087>
77. , W. H., Chou, D., Ueki, K., Harsh, G. R. 4th, von Deimling, A., Gusella, J. F., Mohrenweiser, H. W., Louis, D. N. (1995) Chromosome 19q deletions in human gliomas overlap telomeric to D19S219 and may target a 425 kb region centromeric to D19S112. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 54, 622-626.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00005072-199509000-00002>
