Fol. Biol. 2012, 58, 87-97
https://doi.org/10.14712/fb2012058030087
Disseminated and Circulating Tumour Cells and Their Role in Breast Cancer
References
1. 2005) Prevalence of CD44+/CD24-/low cells in breast cancer may not be associated with clinical outcome but may favor distant metastasis. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 1154-1159.
< , B. K., Fritz, P., McClellan, M., Hauptvogel, P., Athelogou, M. Brauch, H. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.1154.11.3>
2. 2007) Models, mechanisms and clinical evidence for cancer dormancy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 7, 834-846.
< , J. A. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2256>
3. 2007a) Current status in human breast cancer micrometastasis. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 19, 558-563.
< , C., Muller, V., Pantel, K. (https://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0b013e3282f0ad79>
4. 2007b) Detection and characterization of putative metastatic precursor cells in cancer patients. Clin. Chem. 53, 537-539.
< , C., Vendrell, J. P., Pelle, O., Rebillard, X., Riethdorf, S., Muller, V., Fabbro, M., Pantel, K. (https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.079509>
5. 2011) Utilizing circulating tumour cells: challenges and pitfalls. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 21, 50-58.
< , G., de Bono, J. S. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2010.10.010>
6. 2006) Most early disseminated cancer cells detected in bone marrow of breast cancer patients have a putative breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 5615-5621.
< , M., Lin, H., Young L, Hawes D, Giuliano A, McNamara, G., Datar, R. H., Cote, R. J. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0169>
7. 2008) Prognosis of women with stage IV breast cancer depends on detection of circulating tumour cells rather than disseminated tumour cells. Ann. Oncol. 19, 496-500.
< , F. C., Vincent-Salomon, A., Sigal-Zafrani, B., Dieras, V., Mathiot, C., Mignot, L., Thiery, J. P., Sastre-Garau, X., Pierga, J. Y. (https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm507>
8. 1998) Immunocytochemical detection of isolated epithelial cells in bone marrow: non-specific staining and contribution by plasma cells directly reactive to alkaline phosphatase. J. Pathol. 185, 427-434.
< , E., Beiske, K., Trachsel, S., Nesland, J. M., Kvalheim, G., Herstad, T. K., Schlichting, E., Qvist, H., Naume, B. (https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199808)185:4<427::AID-PATH127>3.0.CO;2-7>
9. 2001) Use of automated microscopy for the detection of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow samples. Cytometry 46, 215-221.
< , E., Naume, B., Nesland, J. M., Nowels, K. W., Pavlak, N., Ravkin, I., Goldbard, S. (https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.1130>
10. 2005) A pooled analysis of bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 793-802.
< , S., Vogl, F. D., Naume, B., Janni, W., Osborne, M. P., Coombes, R. C., Schlimok, G., Diel, I. J., Gerber, B., Gebauer, G., Pierga, J. Y., Marth, C., Oruzio, D., Wiedswang, G., Solomayer, E. F., Kundt, G., Strobl, B., Fehm, T., Wong, G. Y., Bliss, J., Vincent-Salomon, A, Pantel, K. (https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050434>
11. 1997) Prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases in node-negative breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 4, 447-451.
< , S. E., Sener, S. F., Wilkens, W., Goldschmidt, R., Merkel, D., Winchester, D. J. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02303667>
12. 2006) Stem cells and cancer: two faces of eve. Cell 124, 1111-1115.
< , M. F., Fuller, M. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.011>
13. 1985) Tyrosine kinase receptor with extensive homology to EGF receptor shares chromosomal location with neu oncogene. Science 230, 1132-1139.
< , L., Yang-Feng, T. L., Liao, Y. C., Chen, E., Gray, A., McGrath, J., Seeburg, P. H., Libermann, T. A., Schlessinger, J., Francke, U., Levinson, A., Ullrich, A. (https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2999974>
14. 2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420, 860-867.
< , L. M., Werb, Z. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01322>
15. 2004) Circulating tumour cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 781-791.
< , M., Budd, G. T., Ellis, M. J., Stopeck, A., Matera, J., Miller, M. C., Reuben, J. M., Doyle, G. V., Allard, W. J., Terstappen, L. W., Hayes, D. F. (https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040766>
16. 2007) Integrating circulating tumour cell assays into the management of breast cancer. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. 8, 89-95.
< , S., Cristofanilli, M. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-007-0018-0>
17. 2003) Estrogen receptor expression profile of disseminated epithelial tumour cells in bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Recent Results Cancer Res. 162, 141-147.
< , N., Mayer, B., Rolle, M., Untch, M., Schildberg, F. W., Funke, I. (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59349-9_12>
18. 2004) Breast cancer, stem/progenitor cells and the estrogen receptor. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 15, 193-197.
< , G., El-Ashry, D., Wicha, M. S. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2004.05.011>
19. 2003) The process of metastasisation for breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 39, 1794-1806.
< , J., Eckel, R., Kerr, J., Schmidt, M., Furstenberger, G., Richter, R., Sauer, H., Senn. H. J., Holzel, D. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(03)00422-2>
20. 2002) Cytogenetic evidence that circulating epithelial cells in patients with carcinoma are malignant. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 2073-2084.
, T., Sagalowsky, A., Clifford, E., Beitsch, P., Saboorian, H., Euhus, D., Meng, S., Morrison, L., Tucker, T., Lane, N., Ghadimi, B. M., Heselmeyer-Haddad, K., Ried, T., Rao, C., Uhr, J. (
21. 2008) ERα-status of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow of primary breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 10, R76.
< , T., Krawczyk, N., Solomayer, E. F., Becker-Pergola, G., Durr-Storzer, S., Neubauer, H., Seeger, H., Staebler, A., Wallwiener, D., Becker S (https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2143>
22. 2010) HER2 status of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a prospective, multicenter trial. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 124, 403-412.
< , T., Muller, V., Aktas, B., Janni, W., Schneeweiss, A., Stickeler, E., Lattrich, C., Lohberg, C. R., Solomayer, E., Rack, B., Riethdorf, S., Klein, C., Schindlbeck, C., Brocker, K., Kasimir-Bauer, S., Wallwiener, D., Pantel. K. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-010-1163-x>
23. 2003) The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 453-458.
< , I. J. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1098>
24. 2009) The role of HER2 in early breast cancer metastasis and the origins of resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 87, 1-11.
< , J. A., Wang, Q., Katsumata, M., Drebin, J., Nagatomo, I., Greene, M. I. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.05.001>
25. 2002) Comparison of HER-2 status between primary breast cancer and corresponding distant metastatic sites. Ann. Oncol. 13, 1036-1043.
< , D., Di, L. A., Cardoso, F., Rouas, G., Pedrocchi, M., Paesmans, M., Verhest, A., Bernard-Marty, C., Piccart, M. J., Larsimont, D. (https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdf252>
26. 2008) Endothelial progenitor cells control the angiogenic switch in mouse lung metastasis. Science 319, 195-198.
< , D., Nolan, D. J., Mellick, A. S., Bambino, K., McDonnell, K., Mittal, V. (https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150224>
27. 2001) Epithelial cells in bone marrow of breast cancer patients at time of primary surgery: clinical outcome during long-term follow-up. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 3669-3674.
< , G., Fehm, T., Merkle, E., Beck, E. P., Lang, N., Jager, W. (https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.16.3669>
28. 2001) Simultaneous immunohistochemical detection of tumour cells in lymph nodes and bone marrow aspirates in breast cancer and its correlation with other prognostic factors. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 960-971.
< , B., Krause, A., Muller, H., Richter, D., Reimer, T., Makovitzky, J., Herrnring, C., Jeschke, U., Kundt, G., Friese, K. (https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.4.960>
29. 2007) ALDH1 is a marker of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells and a predictor of poor clinical outcome. Cell Stem Cell 1, 555-567.
< , C., Hur, M. H., Charafe-Jauffret, E., Monville, F., Dutcher, J., Brown, M., Jacquemier, J., Viens, P., Kleer, C. G., Liu, S., Schott, A., Hayes, D., Birnbaum, D., Wicha, M. S., Dontu, G. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2007.08.014>
30. 2005) The mesenchymal cell, its role in the embryo, and the remarkable signaling mechanisms that create it. Dev. Dyn. 233, 706-720.
< , E. D. (https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20345>
31. 2002) Monitoring expression of HER-2 on circulating epithelial cells in patients with advanced breast cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 21, 1111-1117.
, D. F., Walker, T. M., Singh, B., Vitetta, E. S., Uhr, J. W., Gross, S., Rao, C., Doyle, G. V., Terstappen, L. W. (
32. 1995) Individual development and uPA-receptor expression of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow: a reference to early systemic disease in solid cancer. Nat. Med. 1, 1035-1039.
< , M. M., Allgayer, H., Gruetzner, K. U., Funke, I., Babic, R., Jauch, K. W., Schildberg, F. W. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1095-1035>
33. 2007) Circulating tumour cells: detection, molecular profiling and future prospects. Expert Rev. Proteomics 4, 741-756.
< , K., Sollier, C., Jabado, N. (https://doi.org/10.1586/14789450.4.6.741>
34. 2009) Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in circulating tumour cells of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 11, R84.
< , G., Markomanolaki, H., Giannoukaraki, V., Papadaki, M. A., Strati, A., Lianidou, E. S., Georgoulias, V., Mavroudis, D., Agelaki, S. (https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2452>
35. 2004) Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: twist in development and metastasis. Cell 118, 277-279.
< , Y., Massague, J. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.011>
36. 2005) VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche. Nature 438, 820-827.
< , R. N., Riba, R. D., Zacharoulis, S., Bramley, A. H., Vincent, L., Costa, C., MacDonald, D. D., Jin, D. K., Shido, K., Kerns, S. A., Zhu, Z., Hicklin, D., Wu, Y., Port, J. L., Altorki, N., Port, E. R., Ruggero, D., Shmelkov, S. V., Jensen, K. K., Rafii, S., Lyden, D. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04186>
37. 1999) Dormancy of mammary carcinoma after mastectomy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91, 80-85.
< , T. G., Ferguson, D. J., Meier, P. (https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.1.80>
38. 2002) Genetic heterogeneity of single disseminated tumour cells in minimal residual cancer. Lancet 360, 683-689.
< , C. A., Blankenstein, T. J., Schmidt-Kittler, O., Petronio, M., Polzer, B., Stoecklein, N. H., Riethmuller, G. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09838-0>
39. 2007) Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state. Nature 450, 903-907.
< , C. M., Vermi, W., Swann, J. B., Zerafa, N., Rodig, S. J., Old, L. J., Smyth, M. J., Schreiber, R. D. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06309>
40. 2003) Quantitative association between HER-2/neu and steroid hormone receptors in hormone receptor-positive primary breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95, 142-153.
< , G., Pauletti, G., Pegram, M., Untch, M., Dandekar, S., Aguilar, Z., Wilson, C., Rong, H. M., Bauerfeind, I., Felber, M., Wang, H. J., Beryt, M., Seshadri, R., Hepp, H., Slamon, D. J. (https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/95.2.142>
41. 2004) Reliable and sensitive identification of occult tumour cells using the improved rare event imaging system. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 3020-3028.
< , S. K., Ladanyi, A., Galiger, K., Herlitz, A., Sher, A. C., Bergsrud, D. E., Even, G., Brunelle, S., Harris, L., Salgia, R., Dahl, T., Kesterson, J., Chen, L. B. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0361>
42. 2010) Detection of minimal residual disease in blood and bone marrow in early stage breast cancer. Cancer 116, 3330-3337.
< , S., Cristofanilli, M., Singh, B., Reuben, J., Gao, H., Cohen, E. N., Andreopoulou, E., Hall, C. S., Lodhi, A., Jackson, S., Lucci, A. (https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25145>
43. 2007) The prognostic role of a gene signature from tumorigenic breast-cancer cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 217-226.
< , R., Wang, X., Chen, G. Y., Dalerba, P., Gurney, A., Hoey, T., Sherlock, G., Lewicki, J., Shedden, K., Clarke, M. F. (https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa063994>
44. 2010) Concomitant expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition biomarkers in breast ductal carcinoma: association with progression. Oncol. Rep. 23, 313-320.
, A. F., Nonogaki, S., Pasini, F. S., Osorio, C. A., Soares, F. A., Brentani, M. M. (
45. 2011) Characterization of metastatic breast cancer patients with nondetectable circulating tumor cells. Int. J. Cancer 129, 417-423.
< , M., De Giorgi, U., Dawood, S., Wang, X., Valero, V., Andreopoulou, E., Handy, B., Ueno, N. T., Reuben, J. M., Cristofanilli, M. (https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25690>
46. 2004) Circulating tumour cells in patients with breast cancer dormancy. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 8152-8162.
< , S., Tripathy, D., Frenkel, E. P., Shete, S., Naftalis, E. Z., Huth, J. F., Beitsch, P. D., Leitch, M., Hoover, S., Euhus, D., Haley, B., Morrison, L., Fleming, T. P., Herly, D., Terstappen, L. W., Fehm, T., Tucker, T. F., Lane, N., Wang, J., Uhr, J. W. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1110>
47. 2006) Circulating tumour cells: the ‘leukemic phase’ of solid cancers. Trends Mol. Med. 12, 130-139.
< , S., Keilholz, U., Rossi, C. R., Nitti, D. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2006.01.006>
48. 2003) HER2 overexpression and doxorubicin in adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 458-462.
< , A., Menard, S., Valagussa, P., Biganzoli, E., Boracchi, P., Balsari, A., Casalini, P., Tomasic, G., Marubini, E., Pilotti, S., Bonadonna, G. (https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.04.021>
49. 2005) Circulating tumour cells in breast cancer: correlation to bone marrow micrometastases, heterogeneous response to systemic therapy and low proliferative activity. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 3678-3685.
< , V., Stahmann, N., Riethdorf, S., Rau, T., Zabel, T., Goetz, A., Janicke, F., Pantel, K. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2469>
50. 2007) Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology. Nature 450, 1235-1239.
< , S., Sequist, L. V., Maheswaran, S., Bell, D. W., Irimia, D., Ulkus, L., Smith, M. R., Kwak, E. L., Digumarthy, S., Muzikansky, A., Ryan, P., Balis, U. J., Tompkins, R. G., Haber, D. A., Toner, M. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06385>
51. 2004) The prognostic value of isolated tumour cells in bone marrow in breast cancer patients: evaluation of morphological categories and the number of clinically significant cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 3091-3097.
< , B., Wiedswang, G., Borgen, E., Kvalheim, G., Karesen, R., Qvist, H., Janbu, J., Harbitz, T., Nesland, J. M. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0373>
52. National Cancer Institute (2011) Phase III randomized study of treatment decision making based on levels of circulating tumour cells in women with metastatic breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy – SWOG 0500. www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/SWOG-0500.
53. 2005) Quantification of the response of circulating epithelial cells to neodadjuvant treatment for breast cancer: a new tool for therapy monitoring. Breast Cancer Res. 7, R975-R979.
< , K., Camara, O., Kavallaris, A., Schneider, U., Schunemann, S., Hoffken, K. (https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr1328>
54. 1991) Frequent down-regulation of major histocompatibility class I antigen expression on individual micrometastatic carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 51, 4712-4715.
, K., Schlimok, G., Kutter, D., Schaller, G., Genz, T., Wiebecke, B., Backmann, R., Funke, I., Riethmuller, G. (
55. 1993) Differential expression of proliferation-associated molecules in individual micrometastatic carcinoma cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 1419-1424.
< , K., Schlimok, G., Braun, S., Kutter, D., Lindemann, F., Schaller, G., Funke, I., Izbicki, J. R., Riethmuller, G. (https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.17.1419>
56. 1994) Methodological analysis of immunocytochemical screening for disseminated epithelial tumour cells in bone marrow. J. Hematother. 3, 165-173.
< , K., Schlimok, G., Angstwurm, M., Weckermann, D., Schmaus, W., Gath, H., Passlick, B., Izbicki, J. R., Riethmuller, G. (https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.1.1994.3.165>
57. 2004) Dissecting the metastatic cascade. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 448-456.
< , K., Brakenhoff, R. H. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1370>
58. 2008) Detection, clinical relevance and specific biological properties of disseminating tumour cells. Nat. Rev. Cancer 8, 329-340.
< , K., Brakenhoff, R. H., Brandt, B. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2375>
59. 2009) Cancer micrometastases. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 6, 339-351.
< , K., Alix-Panabieres, C., Riethdorf, S. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.44>
60. 2000) Circulating tumorous cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical impact and future directions. Semin. Cancer Biol. 10, 241-249.
< , P., Vona, G., Brechot, C. (https://doi.org/10.1006/scbi.2000.0323>
61. 2004) Clinical significance of immunocytochemical detection of tumour cells using digital microscopy in peripheral blood and bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 1392-1400.
< , J. Y., Bonneton, C., Vincent-Salomon, A., de Cremoux, P., Nos, C., Blin, N., Pouillart, P., Thiery, J. P., Magdelenat, H. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0102-03>
62. 2006) Isolation by size of epithelial tumour cells in peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer: correlation with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results and feasibility of molecular analysis by laser microdissection. Hum. Pathol. 37, 711-718.
< , P., Salvadori, B., Simi, L., Bianchi, S., Distante, V., Cataliotti, L., Pazzagli, M., Orlando, C. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2006.01.026>
63. 2008) Vascular determinants of cancer stem cell dormancy – do age and coagulation system play a role? APMIS 116, 660-676.
< , J., Milsom, C., Yu, J. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01058.x>
64. 2004) Change of HER-2/neu status in a subset of distant metastases from breast carcinomas. J. Pathol. 203, 918-926.
< , P., Schippinger, W., Lindbauer, M., Samonigg, H., Lax, S. F. (https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1592>
65. 2010) Detection and HER2 expression of circulating tumor cells: Prospective monitoring in breast cancer patients treated in the neoadjuvant GeparQuattro trial. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 2634-2645.
< , S., Muller, V., Zhang, L., Rau, T., Loibl, S., Komor, M., Roller, M., Huober, J., Fehm, T., Schrader, I., Hilfrich, J., Holms, F., Tesch, H., Eidtmann, H., Untch, M., von Minckwitz, G., Pantel, K. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2042>
66. 1989) Pathological prognostic factors in stage I (T1N0M0) and stage II (T1N1M0) breast carcinoma: a study of 644 patients with median follow-up of 18 years. J. Clin. Oncol. 7, 1239-1251.
< , P. P., Groshen, S., Saigo, P. E., Kinne, D. W., Hellman, S. (https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1989.7.9.1239>
67. 2005) Genomic analysis of single cytokeratin-positive cells from bone marrow reveals early mutational events in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 8, 227-239.
< , J. A., Meyer, M., Hartmann, C. H., Schubert, F., Schmidt-Kittler, O., Fuhrmann, C., Polzer, B., Petronio, M., Eils, R., Klein, C. A. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.003>
68. 2003) From latent disseminated cells to overt metastasis: genetic analysis of systemic breast cancer progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7737-7742.
< , O., Ragg, T., Daskalakis, A., Granzow, M., Ahr, A., Blankenstein, T. J., Kaufmann, M., Diebold, J., Arnholdt, H., Muller, P., Bischoff, J., Harich, D., Schlimok, G., Riethmuller, G., Eils, R., Klein, C. A. (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1331931100>
69. 2003) Mechanisms, mechanics and function of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in early development. Mech. Dev. 120, 1351-1383.
< , D., Keller, R. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2003.06.005>
70. 2009) Does confirmatory tumour biopsy alter the management of breast cancer patients with distant metastases? Ann. Oncol. 20, 1499-1504.
< , C., Miller, N., Geddie, W., Gianfelice, D., Oldfield, M., Dranitsaris, G., Clemons, M. J. (https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdp028>
71. 1989) Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science 244, 707-712.
< , D. J., Godolphin, W., Jones, L.A., Holt, J. A., Wong, S. G., Keith, D. E., Levin, W. J., Stuart, S. G., Udove, J., Ullrich, A., Press, M. F. (https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2470152>
72. 2002) Heterogeneous proliferative potential of occult metastatic cells in bone marrow of patients with solid epithelial tumours. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2246-2251.
< , O., Maierhofer, C., Lahr, G., Breit, E., Scheunemann, P., Heumos, I., Pichlmeier, U., Schlimok, G., Oberneder, R., Kollermann, M. W., Kollermann, J., Speicher, M. R., Pantel, K. (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.042372199>
73. 2006) Tumour metastasis: mechanistic insights and clinical challenges. Nat. Med. 12, 895-904.
< , P. S. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1469>
74. 2008) Mechanisms of disease: cancer stem cells – targeting the evil twin. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 5, 337-347.
< , A., Wiestler, O. D. (https://doi.org/10.1038/ncponc1110>
75. 2007) Tumour cell dormancy: an NCI workshop report. Cancer Biol. Ther. 6, 1496-1504.
< , R. L., Pantel, K., Mohla, S. (https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.6.9.4828>
76. 2007) HER2 status of bone marrow micrometastasis and their corresponding primary tumours in a pilot study of 27 cases: a possible tool for anti-HER2 therapy management? Br. J. Cancer 96, 654-659.
< , A., Pierga, J. Y., Couturier, J., d’Enghien, C. D., Nos, C., Sigal-Zafrani, B., Lae, M., Freneaux, P., Dieras, V., Thiery, J. P., Sastre-Garau, X. (https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603584>
77. 2008) Bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer: review of detection methods, prognostic impact and biological issues. J. Clin. Pathol. 61, 570-576.
< , A., Bidard, F. C., Pierga, J. Y. (https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2007.046649>
78. 2007) Isolation and molecular profiling of bone marrow micrometastases identifies TWIST1 as a marker of early tumour relapse in breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 5001-5009.
< , M. A., Ylagan, L. R., Trinkaus, K. M., Gillanders, W. E., Naughton, M. J., Weilbaecher, K. N., Fleming, T. P., Aft, R. L. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0024>
79. 2006) Cancer stem cells and metastasis: lethal seeds. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 5606-5607.
< , M. S. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1537>
80. 2006) Comparison of the clinical significance of occult tumour cells in blood and bone marrow in breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 118, 2013-2019.
< , G., Borgen, E., Schirmer, C., Karesen, R., Kvalheim, G., Nesland, J. M., Naume, B. (https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21576>
81. 2002) Detection of circulating cytokeratin-positive cells in the blood of breast cancer patients using immunomagnetic enrichment and digital microscopy. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 1085-1091.
, T. E., Bossy, B., Kimlinger, T., Roche, P. C., Ingle, J. N., Grant, C., Donohue, J., Suman, V. J., Harrington, D., Torre-Bueno, J., Bauer, K. D. (
82. 2003) Molecular signature associated with bone marrow micrometastasis in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 63, 5679-5684.
, U., Cloos, J., Sauter, G., Riethdorf, L., Janicke, F., van Diest, P., Brakenhoff, R., Pantel, K. (
83. 2006) Prognostic significance of circulating tumour cells enumerated after filtration enrichment in early and metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 99, 63-69.
< , N. S., Kahn, H. J., Zhang, L., Oldfield, S., Yang, L. Y., Marks, A., Trudeau, M. E. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-006-9181-4>
84. 2006) HER2-positive circulating tumour cells indicate poor clinical outcome in stage I to III breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 1715-1720.
< , P., Borchard, J., Buerger, H., Heidl, S., Zanker, K. S., Kiesel, L., Brandt, B. (https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2087>
85. 2006) Tumour cell detection in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 18, 48-56.
< , O., Lutz, D. (https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cco.0000198973.51615.fa>