Fol. Biol. 2013, 59, 53-67

https://doi.org/10.14712/fb2013059020053

Transfer Factor: an Overlooked Potential for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases

D. Viza1, H. H. Fudenberg2, A. Palareti3, D. Ablashi4, C. De Vinci5, Giancarlo Pizza5

1BioTransfer Research Foundation, Mitchellville, MD, USA
2NeuroImmunoTherapeutics Research Foundation, Imman, SC, USA
3DISI (Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering), University of Bologna, Italy
4HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
5S. Orsola-Malpighi, University Hospital, Bologna, Italy

Received October 2012
Accepted October 2012

References

1. Akiyama, H., Barger, S., Barnum, S., Bradt, B., Bauer, J., Cole, G. M., Cooper, N. R., Eikelenboom, P., Emmerling, M., Fiebich, B. L., Finch, C. E., Frautschy, S., Griffin, W. S., Hampel, H., Hull, M., Landreth, G., Lue, L., Mrak, R., Mackenzie, I. R., McGeer, P. L., O’Banion, M. K., Pachter, J., Pasinetti, G., Plata-Salaman, C., Rogers, J., Rydel, R., Shen, Y., Streit, W., Strohmeyer, R., Tooyoma, I., Van Muiswinkel, F. L., Veerhuis, R., Walker, D., Webster, S., Wegrzyniak, B., Wenk, G., Wyss-Coray, T. (2000) Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 21, 383-421. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00124-X>
2. Alvarez-Thull, L., Kirkpatrick, C. H. (1996) Profiles of cytokine production in recipients of transfer factors. Biotherapy 9, 55-59. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02628657>
3. Basten, A., McLeod, J. G., Pollard, J. D., Walsh, J. C., Stewart G. J., Garrick, R., Frith, J. A., Van Der Brink, C. M. (1980) Transfer factor in treatment of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2, 931-934. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92100-5>
4. Bezuidenhout, J., Schneider, J. W. (2009) Pathology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. In: Tuberculosis: a Comprehensive Clinical Reference, eds. Schaaf, S., Zumla, A., pp. 117-128, Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
5. Boucheix, C., Phillips, J., Pizza, G., Sartorio, C., Viza, D. (1977) Activity of animal transfer factor in man. Lancet 1, 198-199. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(77)91804-9>
6. Bowden, R.A., Siegel, M. S., Steele, R. W., Day, L. M., Meyers, J. D. (1985) Immunologic and clinical responses to varicella-zoster virus-specific transfer factor following marrow transplantation. J. Infect. Dis. 152, 1324-1327. <https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/152.6.1324>
7. Brandes, L. J, Goldenberg, G. J. (1974) In vitro transfer of cellular immunity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma using transfer factor from donors with Epstein-Barr virus antibody activity. Cancer Res. 34, 3095-3100.
8. Brown, P. O., Botstein, D. (1999) Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. Nat. Genet. (Suppl.) 21, 33-37. <https://doi.org/10.1038/4462>
9. Bryson, Y. J., Pang, S., Wei, L. S., Dickover, R., Diagne, A., Chen, I. S. Y. (1995) Clearance of HIV infection in a perinatally infected infant. N. Eng. J. Med. 332, 833-38. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199503303321301>
10. Bullock, W. E., Fields, J. P., Bandvias, M. W. (1972) An evaluation of transfer factor as immunotherapy for patients with lepromatous leprosy. N. Engl. J. Med. 287, 1053-1059. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197211232872101>
11. Carrey, J., Lederman, M., Toosi, Z., Edmonds, K., Hodder, S., Calatrese, L., Proffitt, M., Johonson, C., Elner, J. (1987) Augmentation of skin test reactivity and lymphocyte blastogenesis in patients with AIDS treated with transfer factor. JAMA 257, 651-655. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390050077022>
12. Catanzaro, A., Spitler, L., Moser, K. M. (1974) Immunotherapy of coccidioidomycosis. J. Clin. Invest. 54, 690–701. <https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI107807>
13. Couette, M., Boisse, M. F., Maison, P., Brugieres, P., Cesaro, P., Chevalier, X., Gherardi, R. K., Bachoud-Levi, A. C., Authier, F. J. (2009) Long-term persistence of vaccine-derived aluminum hydroxide is associated with chronic cognitive dysfunction. J. Inorg. Biochem. 103, 1571-1578. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.08.005>
14. Delgado, O., Romano, E. L., Belfort, E., Pifano, F., Scorza, J. V., Rojas, Z. (1981) Dialyzable leukocyte extract therapy in immunodepressed patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 19, 351-359. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-1229(81)90078-7>
15. Dvoroznáková, E., Porubcová, J., Sevcíková, Z. (2009) Immune response of mice with alveolar echinococcosis to therapy with transfer factor alone, and in combination with albendazole. Parasitol. Res. 105, 1067-1076. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1520-z>
16. Dwyer, J. M. (1983) The use of antigen specific transfer factor in the management of infections with herpes viruses. In: Immunobiology of Transfer Factor, eds. Kirkpatrick, C. H., Burger, D. R., Lawrence, H. S., pp. 233-243, Academic Press, New York.
17. Dwyer, J. M., Gerstenhaber, B. J., Dobuler, K. J. (1983) Clinical and immunologic response to antigen-specific transfer factor in drug-resistant infection with Mycobacterium xenopi. Am. J. Med. 74, 161-168. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(83)91136-1>
18. EI-Moety, A. A. A., EI-Moety, A. A., Zaki, S. A., Mourad, Z., Farhat, N. (2008) Transfer factor activation of the natural killer cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Bull. Alex. Fac. Med. 44, 801-803.
19. Eley, B. S., Beatty, D. W. (2009) The basic immunology of tuberculosis. In: Tuberculosis: a Comprehensive Clinical Reference, eds. Schaaf, S., Zumla, A., pp. 75-86, Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
20. Estrada-Parra, S., Nagaya, A., Serrano, E., Rodriguez, O., Santamaria, V., Ondarza, R., Chavez, R., Correa, B., Monges, A., Cabezas, R., Calva, C., Estrada-Garcia, I. (1998) Comparative study of transfer factor and acyclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 20, 521-535. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0192-0561(98)00031-9>
21. Fabre, R. A., Pérez, T. M., Aguilar, D., Rangel, M. J., EstradaGarcìa, I. R. (2004) Transfer factors as immunotherapy and supplement of chemotherapy in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 136, 215-223. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02454.x>
22. Fog, T., Raun, N. E., Pedersen, L., Kam-Hansen, S., Mellerup, E., Platz, P., Ryder, L. P., Jakobsen, B. K., Grob, P. (1978) Long-term transfer-factor treatment for multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1, 851-853. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90194-0>
23. Frith, J. A., McLeod, J. G., Basten, A., Pollard, J. D., Hammond, S. R., Williams, D. B., Crossie, P. A. (1986) Transfer factor as a therapy for multiple sclerosis: a follow-up study. Clin. Exp. Neurol. 22, 149-154.
24. Fudenberg, H. H., Levin, A. S., Spitler, L. E., Wybran, J., Byers, V. (1974) The therapeutic uses of transfer factor. Hosp. Pract. 9, 95-104. <https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1974.11706786>
25. Fudenberg, H. H, Fudenberg, H. H. (1989) Transfer factor: past, present and future. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29, 475-516. <https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.29.040189.002355>
26. Goldenberg, G. J., Brandes, L. J., Lau, W. H., Miller, A. B., Wall, C., Ho, J. H. (1985) Cooperative trial of immunotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma with transfer factor from donors with Epstein-Barr virus antibody activity. Cancer Treat. Rep. 69, 761-767.
27. Gómez Vera, J., Chávez Sánchez, R., Flores Sandoval, G., Orea Solano, M., López Tiro, J. J., Santiago Santos, A. D., Espinosa Padilla, S., Espinosa Rosales, F., Huerta, J., Ortega Martell, J. A., Berrón Pérez, R., Estrada García, A., Pérez Tapia, M., Rodríguez Flores, A., Serrano Miranda, E. O., Pineda García, O., Andaluz, C., Cervantes Trujano, E., Portugués Díaz, A., Barrientos Zamudio, J., Cano Ortíz, L., Serafín López, J., Jiménez Martínez Mdel, C., Aguilar Velázquez, G., Garfias Becerra, Y., Santacruz Valdéz, C., Aguilar Ángeles, D., Rojo Guiérrez, M. I., Aguilar Santelises, M., Estrada Parra, S. (2010) Transfer factor and allergy. Rev. Alerg. Mex. 57, 208-214.
28. Gottlieb, A. A. (1991) Clinical and immunologic observations in patients with AIDS-related complex treated with IMREG-1. Int. J. Immun. 13, 29-32.
29. Gottlieb, M. S., Zackin, R. A., Fiala, M., Henry, D. H., Marcel, A. J., Combs, K. L., Vieira, J., Liebman, H. A., Cone, L. A., Hillman, K. S. (1991) Response to treatment with the leukocyte-derived immunomodulator IMREG-1 in immunocompromised patients with AIDS-related complex. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Int. Med. 115, 84-91. <https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-2-84>
30. Grakoui, A., Shoukry, N. H., Woollard, D. J., Han, J.-H., Hanson, H. L., Ghrayeb, J., Murthy, K., Rice, C. M., Walker, C. M. (2003) HCV persistence and immune evasion in the absence of memory T cell help. Science 302, 659-662. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1088774>
31. Graybill, J. R., Silva, J. Jr., Robert, H., Thor, D. E. (1973) Immunologic and clinical improvement of progressive coccidioidomycosis following administration of transfer factor. Cell. Immunol. 8, 120-135. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(73)90099-3>
32. Gulley, M. L., Glaser, S. L., Craig, F. E., Borowitz, M., Mann, R. B., Shema, S. J., Ambinder, R. F. (2002) Guidelines for interpreting EBER in situ hybridization and LMP1 immunohistochemical tests for detecting Epstein-Bar virus in Hodgkin lymphoma. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 117, 259-267. <https://doi.org/10.1309/MMAU-0QYH-7BHA-W8C2>
33. Hall, S. S. (2012) Journey to the genetic interior. Sci. Am. 307, 72-75. <https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1012-80>
34. Hancock, B. W., Bruce, L., Sokol, R. J., Clark, A. (1988) Transfer factor in Hodgkin’s disease: A randomized clinical and immunological study. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 24, 929-933. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(88)90204-0>
35. Hastings, R. C., Morales, M. J., Shannon, E. J., Jacobson, R. R. (1976) Preliminary results in the safety and efficacy of transfer factor in leprosy. Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis. 44, 275.
36. Hernandez-Pando, R., Jeyanathan, M., Mengistu, G., Aguilar, D., Orozco, H., Harboe, M., Rook, G. A, Bjune, G. (2000) Persistence of DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in superficially normal lung tissue during latent infection. Lancet 356, 2133-2138. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03493-0>
37. Hooper, J.W., Larsen, T., Custer, D. M., Schmaljohn, C. S. (2001) A lethal disease model for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Virology 289, 6-14. <https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2001.1133>
38. Jain, S., Thomas, H. C., Sherlock, S. (1977) Transfer factor in the attempted treatment of patients with HBsAg positive chronic liver disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 30, 10-15.
39. Jarrett, R. F., Armstrong, A. A., Alexander, F. E. (1996) Epidemiology of EBV and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann. Oncol. 7, S5-S10. <https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/7.suppl_4.S5>
40. Jeter, W. S., Tremaine, M., Seeborn, P. (1954) Passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in guinea pigs with leucocytic extracts. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 86, 251-259. <https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-86-21064>
41. Jones, F., Minnich, L. L., Jeter, W. S., Pritchett, R. F., Fulginetti, V. A., Wedgwood, R. J. (1981) Treatment of childhood combined Epstein-Barr virus/cytomegalovirus infection with oral bovine transfer factor. Lancet 2, 122-124. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90301-9>
42. Katoch, K. (1996) Immunotherapy of leprosy. Indian J. Lepr. 68, 349-361.
43. Khan, A., Hill, J. M., Maclellan, A., Loeb, E., Hill, N., Thaxton, S. (1975) Improvement in delayed hypersensitivity in Hodgkin’s disease with transfer factor: lymphapheresis and cellular immune reactions of normal donors. Cancer 36, 86-89. <https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197507)36:1<86::AID-CNCR2820360103>3.0.CO;2-3>
44. Khan, A., Hansen, B., Hill, N. O., Loeb, E., Pardue, A. S., Hill, J. M. (1981) Transfer factor in the treatment of herpes simplex types 1 and 2. Dermatologica 163, 177-185. <https://doi.org/10.1159/000250157>
45. Kirkpatrick, C. H., Gallin, J. I. (1975) Suppression of cellular immune responses following transfer factor: Report of a case. Cell. Immunol. 15, 470-474. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(75)90024-6>
46. Kirkpatrick, C. H., Greenberg, L. E. (1979) Treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with transfer factor. In: Immune Regulators in Transfer Factor, eds. Khan, A., Kirkpatrick, C. H., Hill N. O., pp. 547-562, Academic Press, New York.
47. Kirkpatrick, C. H. (2000) Transfer factors: identification of conserved sequences in transfer factor molecules. Mol. Med. 6, 332-341. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401941>
48. Kreijtz, J. H., Bodewes, R, van den Brand, J. M., de Mutsert, G., Baas, C., van Amerongen, G., Fouchier, R. A., Osterhaus, A. D., Rimmelzwaan, G. F. (2009a) Infection of mice with a human influenza A/H3N2 virus induces protective immunity against lethal infection with influenza A/ H5N1 virus. Vaccine 27, 4983-4989. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.079>
49. Kreijtz, J. H., Osterhaus, A. D., Rimmelzwaan, G. F. (2009b) Vaccination strategies and vaccine formulations for epidemic and pandemic influenza control. Hum. Vaccin. 5, 126-135. <https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.5.3.6986>
50. Langlade-Demoyen, P, Ngo-Giang-Houng N., Ferchal, F., Oksenhendler, E. (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nef-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in noninfected heterosexual contact of HIV-infected patients. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1293-1297. <https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117085>
51. Lawn, S. D., Butera, S. T., Shinnick, T. M. (2002) Tuberculosis unleashed: the impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the host granulomatous response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect. 4, 635-646. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01582-4>
52. Lawrence, H. S. (1954) The transfer of generalized cutaneous hypersensitivity of the delayed tuberculin type in man by means of the constituents of disrupted leucocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 33, 951-952.
53. Lawrence, H. S. (1955) The transfer in humans of delayed skin sensitivity to streptococci M substance and to tuberculin with disrupted leukocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 34, 219-232. <https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI103075>
54. Lawrence, H. S., Borkowsky, W. (1983) A new basis for the immunoregulatory activities of transfer factor – an arcane dialect in the language of cells. Cell. Immunol. 82, 102-116. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(83)90145-4>
55. Lawrence, H. S. (1995) Transfer factor – current status and future prospects. Biotherapy 9, 1-5. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02628649>
56. Lee, W., Holley, H. P. Jr., Stewart, J., Galbraith, G. (1986) Refractory esophageal candidiasis associated with a plasma inhibitor of T-lymphocyte function. Am. J. Med. Sci. 292, 47-52. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-198607000-00010>
57. Levine, P. H., Pizza, G., Ajmera, K., De Vinci, C., Viza, D. (2011) Transfer factor in virus-associated malignancies: an underestimated weapon in prevention and treatment of cancer. Adv. Tumor Virol. 2, 7-20.
58. Masi, M., De Vinci, C., Baricordi, O. R. (1996) Transfer factor in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Biotherapy 9, 97-103. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02628665>
59. Mayet, A., Ligier, C., Gache, K., Manet, G., Nivoix, P., Dia, A., Haus-Cheymol, R., Verret, C., Duron, S., Faure, N., Piarroux, M., De Laval, F., Simon, F., Decam, C., Chaudet, H., Meynard, J. B., Rapp, C., Deparis, X., Migliani, R. (2011) Adverse events following pandemic influenza vaccine Pandemrix® reported in the French military forces – 2009–2010. Vaccine 29, 2576-2581. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.056>
60. McMeeking, A., Borkowski, W., Klesius, P. H., Bonk, S., Holzman, R. S., Lawrence, H. S. (1990) A controlled trial of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract for cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS. J. Infect. Dis. 161, 108-112. <https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/161.1.108>
61. Meduri, R., Campos, E., Scorolli, L., De Vinci, C., Pizza, G., Viza, D. (1996) Efficacy of transfer factor in treating patients with recurrent ocular herpes. Biotherapy 9, 61-66. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02628658>
62. Montastruc, J. L., Durrieu, G., Rascol, O. (2011) Pandemrix®, (H1N1)v influenza and reported cases of narcolepsy. Vaccine 3, 29.
63. Myrvang, B., Godal, T., Ridley, D. S., Fröland, S. S., Song, Y. K. (1973) Immune responsiveness to Mycobacterium leprae and other mycobacterial antigens throughout the clinical and histopathological spectrum of leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 14, 541-553.
64. Neequaye, J., Viza, D., Pizza, G., Levine, P. H., De Vinci, C., Ablashi, D. V., Biggar, R. J., Nkrumah, F. K. (1990) Specific TF with activity against Epstein-Barr virus reduces late relapse in endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma. Anticancer Res. 10, 1183-1188.
65. Ng, R. P., Moran, C. J., Alexopoulos, C. G., Bellingham, A. J. (1975) Transfer factor in Hodgkin’s disease. Lancet 306, 901-903. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(75)92131-5>
66. Nkrumah, F., Pizza, G., Viza, D., Phillips, J., De Vinci, C., Levine, P. H. (1985) Regression of progressive lymphadenopathy in a young child with acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection following the administration of transfer factor with specific anti-CMV activity. Lymphok. Res. 4, 237-241.
67. Paige, C., Bishai, W. R. (2010) Penitentiary or penthouse condo: the tuberculous granuloma from the microbe’s point of view. Cell. Microbiol. 12, 301-309. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01424.x>
68. Parkin, D. M. (2006) The global health burden of infectionassociated cancers in the year 2002. Int. J. Cancer 118, 3030-3044. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21731>
69. Pereyra, F., Jia, X., McLaren, P. J., Telenti, A., de Bakker, P. I., Walker, B. D., Ripke, S., Brumme, C. J., Pulit, S. L., Carrington, M., Kadie, C. M., Carlson, J. M., Heckerman, D., Graham, R. R., Plenge, R. M., Deeks, S. G., Gianniny, L., Crawford, G., Sullivan, J., Gonzalez, E., Davies, L., Camargo, A., Moore, J. M., Beattie, N., Gupta, S., Crenshaw, A., Burtt, N. P., Guiducci, C., Gupta, N., Gao, X., Qi, Y., Yuki, Y., Piechocka-Trocha, A., Cutrell, E., Rosenberg, R., Moss, K. L., Lemay, P., O’Leary, J., Schaefer, T., Verma, P., Toth, I., Block, B., Baker, B., Rothchild, A., Lian, J., Proudfoot, J., Alvino, D. M., Vine, S., Addo, M. M., Allen, T. M., Altfeld, M., Henn, M. R., Le Gall, S., Streeck, H., Haas, D. W., Kuritzkes, D. R., Robbins, G. K., Shafer, R. W., Gulick, R. M., Shikuma, C. M., Haubrich, R., Riddler, S., Sax, P. E., Daar, E. S., Ribaudo, H. J., Agan, B., Agarwal, S., Ahern, R. L., Allen, B. L., Altidor, S., Altschuler, E. L., Ambardar, S., Anastos, K., Anderson, B., Anderson, V., Andrady, U., Antoniskis, D., Bangsberg, D., Barbaro, D., Barrie, W., Bartczak, J., Barton, S., Basden, P., Basgoz, N., Bazner, S., Bellos, N. C., Benson, A. M., Berger, J., Bernard, N. F., Bernard, A. M., Birch, C., Bodner, S. J., Bolan, R. K., Boudreaux, E. T., Bradley, M., Braun, J. F., Brndjar, J. E., Brown, S. J., Brown, K., Brown, S. T., Burack, J., Bush, L. M., Cafaro, V., Campbell, O., Campbell, J., Carlson, R. H., Carmichael, J. K., Casey, K. K., Cavacuiti, C., Celestin, G., Chambers, S. T., Chez, N., Chirch, L. M, Cimoch, P. J., Cohen, D., Cohn, L. E., Conway, B., Cooper, D. A., Cornelson, B., Cox, D. T., Cristofano, M. V., Cuchural, G. Jr., Czartoski, J. L., Dahman, J. M., Daly, J. S., Davis, B. T., Davis, K., Davod, S. M., DeJesus, E., Dietz, C. A., Dunham, E., Dunn, M. E., Ellerin, T. B., Eron, J. J., Fangman, J. J., Farel, C. E., Ferlazzo, H., Fidler, S., Fleenor-Ford, A., Frankel, R., Freedberg, K. A., French, N. K., Fuchs, J. D., Fuller, J. D., Gaberman, J., Gallant, J. E., Gandhi, R. T., Garcia, E., Garmon, D., Gathe, J. C. Jr., Gaultier, C. R., Gebre, W., Gilman, F. D., Gilson, I., Goepfert, P. A., Gottlieb, M. S., Goulston, C., Groger, R. K., Gurley, T. D., Haber, S., Hardwicke, R., Hardy, W. D., Harrigan, P. R., Hawkins, T. N., Heath, S., Hecht, F. M., Henry, W. K., Hladek, M., Hoffman, R. P., Horton, J. M., Hsu, R. K., Huhn, G. D., Hunt, P., Hupert, M. J., Illeman, M. L., Jaeger, H., Jellinger, R. M., John, M., Johnson, J. A., Johnson, K. L., Johnson, H., Johnson, K., Joly, J., Jordan, W. C., Kauffman, C. A., Khanlou, H., Killian, R. K., Kim, A.Y., Kim, D. D., Kinder, C. A., Kirchner, J. T., Kogelman, L., Kojic, E. M., Korthuis, P. T., Kurisu, W., Kwon, D. S., LaMar, M., Lampiris, H., Lanzafame, M., Lederman, M. M., Lee, D. M., Lee, J. M., Lee, M. J., Lee, E. T., Lemoine, J., Levy, J. A., Llibre, J. M., Liguori, M. A., Little, S. J., Liu, A. Y., Lopez, A. J., Loutfy, M. R., Loy, D., Mohammed. D. Y., Man, A., Mansour, M. K., Marconi, V. C., Markowitz, M., Marques, R., Martin, J. N., Martin, H. L. Jr., Mayer, K. H., McElrath, M. J., McGhee, T. A., McGovern, B .H., McGowan, K., McIntyre, D., Mcleod, G. X., Menezes, P., Mesa, G., Metroka, C. E., Meyer-Olson, D., Miller, A. O., Montgomery, K., Mounzer, K. C., Nagami, E. H., Nagin, I., Nahass, R. G., Nelson, M. O., Nielsen, C., Norene, D. L., O’Connor, D. H., Ojikutu, B. O., Okulicz, J., Oladehin, O. O., Oldfield, E. C. 3rd., Olender, S. A., Ostrowski, M., Owen, W. F. Jr., Pae, E., Parsonnet, J., Pavlatos, A. M., Perlmutter, A. M., Pierce, M. N., Pincus, J. M., Pisani, L., Price, L. J., Proia, L., Prokesch, R. C., Pujet, H. C., Ramgopal, M., Rathod, A., Rausch, M., Ravishankar, J., Rhame, F. S., Richards, C. S., Richman, D. D., Rodes, B., Rodriguez, M., Rose, R. C. 3rd., Rosenberg, E. S., Rosenthal, D., Ross, P. E., Rubin, D. S., Rumbaugh, E., Saenz, L., Salvaggio, M. R., Sanchez, W. C., Sanjana, V. M., Santiago, S., Schmidt, W., Schuitemaker, H., Sestak, P. M., Shalit, P., Shay, W., Shirvani, V. N., Silebi, V. I., Sizemore, J. M. Jr., Skolnik, P. R., Sokol-Anderson, M., Sosman, J. M., Stabile, P., Stapleton, J. T., Starrett, S., Stein, F., Stellbrink, H. J., Sterman, F. L., Stone, V. E., Stone, D. R., Tambussi, G., Taplitz, R. A., Tedaldi, E. M., Telenti, A., Theisen, W., Torres, R., Tosiello, L., Tremblay, C., Tribble, M. A., Trinh, P. D., Tsao, A., Ueda, P., Vaccaro, A., Valadas, E., Vanig, T. J., Vecino, I., Vega, V. M., Veikley, W., Wade, B. H., Walworth, C., Wanidworanun, C., Ward, D. J., Warner, D. A., Weber, R. D., Webster, D., Weis, S., Wheeler, D. A., White, D. J., Wilkins, E., Winston, A., Wlodaver, C. G., van’t Wout, A., Wright, D. P., Yang, O. O., Yurdin, D. L., Zabukovic, B. W., Zachary, K. C., Zeeman, B., Zhao, M. (2010) The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation. Science 330, 1551-1557.
70. Pizza, G., Viza, D., Roda, A., Aldini, R., Roda, E., Barbara, L. (1979) Transfer factor for the treatment of chronic acute hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 300, 1332.
71. Pizza, G., Chiodo, F., Colangeli, V., Gritti, F., Raise, E., Fudenberg, H. H., De Vinci, C., Viza, D. (1996a) Preliminary observations using HIV-specific transfer factor in AIDS. Biotherapy 9, 41-47. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02628655>
72. Pizza, G., Viza, D., De Vinci, C., Palareti, A., Roberto, V. F., Baricordi, R. (1996b) Orally administered HSV-specific transfer factor (TF) prevents genital or labial herpes relapses. Biotherapy 9, 67-72. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02628659>
73. Pizza, G., Amadori, M., Ablashi, D., De Vinci, C., Viza, D. (2006) Cell mediated immunity to meet the avian influenza A (H5N1) challenge. Med. Hypotheses 67, 601-608. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.034>
74. Raise, E., Guerra, L., Viza, D., Pizza, G., De Vinci, C., Schiattone, M. L., Rocaccio, L., Cicognani, M., Gritti, F. (1996) Preliminary results in HIV-1-infected patients treated with transfer factor (TF) and zidovudine (ZDV). Biotherapy 9, 49-54. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02628656>
75. Roda, E., Viza, D., Pizza, G., Mastroroberto, L., Phillips, J., De Vinci, C., Barbara, L. (1985) Transfer factor for the treatment of HBs-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 178, 468-475. <https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-178-42033>
76. Rosenfeld, F., Viza, D., Phillips, J., Vich, J. M., Binet, O., Aron-Brunetière, R. (1984) Treatment of herpes infections with transfer factor. Presse Méd. 13, 537-540. (in French)
77. Rowland-Jones, S. L., Nixon D. F., Gotch, F., McMichael, A., Kroll, J. S., Hallam, N., Aldhous, M. C., Froebel, K., Ariyoshi, K. (1993) HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cell activity in an HIV-exposed but uninfected infant. Lancet 341, 860-861. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)93063-7>
78. Rowland-Jones, S., Sutton, J., Ariyoshi, K., Dong, T., Gotch, F., McAdam, S., Whitby, D., Sabally, S., Gallimore, A., Corrah, T., Takiguchi, M., Schultz, T., McMichael, A., Whittle, H. (1995) HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cells in HIVexposed but uninfected Gambian women. Nat. Med. 1, 59-64. <https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0195-59>
79. Rubinstein, A., Melamed, J., Rodescu, D. (1977) Transfer factor treatment in a patient with progressive tuberculosis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 8, 39-50. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-1229(77)90090-3>
80. Schena, M., Shalon, D., Heller, R., Chai, A., Brown, P. O., Davis, R. W. (1996) Parallel human genome analysis: microarray-based expression monitoring of 1000 genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 10614-10619. <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.20.10614>
81. Sharma, M. K., Foroozanfar, N., Ala F. A. (1978) Progressive BCG infection in an immunodeficient child treated with transfer factor. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 10, 369-380. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-1229(78)90148-4>
82. Sharma, M. K., Anaraki, F., Ala, F. (1979) Preliminary results of transfer factor therapy of persistent cutaneous leishmania infection. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 12, 183-190. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-1229(79)90007-2>
83. Shoenfeld, Y., Aron-Maor, A. (2000) Vaccination and autoimmunity – ‘vaccinosis’: a dangerous liaison. J. Autoimmun. 14, 1-10.
84. Shulman, S. T., Hutto, J. H., Ayoub, E. M., Howlett, S. A., Scott, B., McGuian, J. E. (1979) A double blind evaluation of transfer factor therapy of HBsAg positive chronic aggressive hepatitis. Preliminary report of efficacy. Cell. Immunol. 43, 352-361. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(79)90179-5>
85. Sinha, S. K., Sizemore, R. C., Gottlieb, A. (1988) Immunomodulatory components present in IMREG-1, an experimental immunosupportive biologic. Biotechnology 6, 810-815.
86. Steele, R. W., Heberling, R. L., Eichberg, J. W., Eller, J. J., Kalter, S. S., Kniker, W. T. (1976) Prevention of herpes simplex virus type 1 fatal dissemination in primates with human transfer factor. In: Transfer Factor. Basic Properties and Clinical Applications, eds. Ascher, M. S., Gottlieb, A. A., Kirkpatrick, C. H., pp. 381-388, Academic Press, New York.
87. Steele, R. W., Myers, M. G., Vincent, M. M. (1980) Transfer factor for the prevention of varicella-zoster infection in childhood leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 303, 355-59. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198008143030702>
88. Tong, M. J., Nystrom, J. S., Redeker, A. G., Marshall, G. J. (1976) Failure of transfer factor therapy in chronic active type B hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 295, 209-211. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197607222950408>
89. Tuppo, E. E., Arias H. R. (2005) The role of inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 7, 289-305. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.07.009>
90. Vich, J. M., Garcia, J. V., Engel, P., Garcia, P. A. (1978) Transfer to man of sensitization to keyhole limpet haemocyanin by mouse transfer factor. Lancet 1, 265-266. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90503-2>
91. Vich J. M., Viza D. (1983) Specific suppressor dialysates from mice. In: Immunobiology of Transfer Factor, eds. Kirkpatrick, C. H., Burger, D. R., Lawrence, H. S., pp. 197-202, Academic Press, New York.
92. Viza, D., Goust, J. M., Moulias, R., Trejdosiewicz, L. K., Collard, A., Muller-Bérat, N. (1975) In vitro production of transfer factor by lymphoblastoid cell lines. Transplant. Proc. VII, 329-333.
93. Viza, D. (1996) AIDS and transfer factor: myths, certainties and realities. Biotherapy 9, 17-26. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02628652>
94. Viza, D., Boucheix, C., Césarini, J. P., Ablashi, D. V., Armstrong, G., Levine, P. H., Pizza, G. (1982) Characterization of a human lymphoblastoid cell line, LDV/7, used to replicate transfer factor and immune RNA. Biol. Cell 46, 1-10.
95. Viza, D., Rosenfeld, F., Phillips, J., Vich, J. M., Denis, J., Bonissent, J. F., Dobge, K. (1983) Specific bovine transfer factor for the treatment of herpes infections. In: Immunobiology of Transfer Factor, eds. Kirkpatrick, C. H., Burger, D. R., Lawrence, H. S., pp. 245-259, Academic Press, New York.
96. Viza, D., Vich, J. M., Phillips, J., Rosenfeld, F., Davies, D. A. L. (1986) Specific transfer factor protects mice against lethal challenge with herpes simplex virus. Cell. Immunol. 100, 555-562. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(86)90053-5>
97. Viza, D., Lefesvre, A., Patrasco, M., Phillips, J., Hebbrecht, N., Laumond, G., Vich, J. M. (1987) A preliminary report on three AIDS patients treated with anti-HIV specific transfer factor. J. Exp. Path. 3, 653-659.
98. Viza, D., Vich, J. M., Minarro, A., Ablashi, D. V., Salahuddin, S. Z. (1988) Soluble extracts from a lymphoblastoid cell line modulate SAIDS evolution. J. Virol. Met. 21, 241-253. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(88)90070-5>
99. Wagner, G., Knapp, W., Gitsch, E., Selander, S. (1987) Transfer-factor for adjuvant immunotherapy in cervical cancer patients. Cancer Detect. Prev. Suppl. 1, 373-376.
100. Walker, C. M., Moody, D. J., Stites, D. P., Levy, J. A. (1986) CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication. Science 234, 1563-1566. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2431484>
101. Weiss, D., Carr, D., Kellachan, J., Tan, C., Phillips, M., Bresnitz, E., Layton, M., West Nile Virus Outbreak Response Working Group (2001) Clinical findings of West Nile virus infection in hospitalized patients, New York and New Jersey. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7, 654-658. <https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0704.017409>
102. WER (2012) Outbreak news. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Yosemite National Park, United States of America. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 87, 345-346.
103. Whitcomb, M. E., Rocklin, R. E. (1973) Transfer factor therapy in a patient with progressive primary tuberculosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 79, 161-166. <https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-79-2-161>
104. Wilson, G. B., Metcalf Jr., J. F., Fudenberg, H. H. (1982) Treatment of Mycobacterium fortuitum pulmonary infection with “transfer factor” (TF): new methodology for evaluating TF potency and predicting clinical response. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 23, 478-491. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-1229(82)90132-5>
105. Ziegler, J. L., Bluming, A. Z., Fass, L., Morrow, R. H. (1972) Relapse patterns in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Cancer Res. 32, 1267-1271.
106. Zotova, E., Nicoll, J., Kalaria, R., Holmes, C., Boche, D. (2010) Inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: relevance to pathogenesis and therapy. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 2, 1. <https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt24>
front cover

ISSN 0015-5500 (Print) ISSN 2533-7602 (Online)

Open access journal

Submissions

Archive